By Benedict Perez

Everyone knows the contribution of agriculture and the role of industrial tires is very vital in the field. The use of such rubber implements are a necessity as there are needed machinery to produce crops and yields for food supplies. Heavy equipment is very important especially in agricultural aspects and for heavy equipment which work in our everyday lives.

The farm tractor is one of those heavy machinery using industrial tires. These are heavy duty rubber stuffs especially built for longer wear and tear. They have deeper treads, thick rubber and powerful rim guard protection. These are made to sustain the daily hazards of the field to work effectively and efficiently.

Most industrial tires manufacturers have been in the business for several scores and their name in the industry is still keeping a good name. They are responsible for the production of the best quality rubber wheels being used since time immemorial. The modern innovations are even much better that those of the previous generations with the introduction of modern technology for these things to persevere.

Not all farm or field terrains are created equal and so are these tires to fit to the environmental condition when already in use. There are several designs of industrial tires which can be used depending on the needs of the users. The front and back wheels may be using different sizes and designs so these loads are also considered. The strength of the rubber is well-considered for perfect functioning particularly on different terrains of the field or farm.

You can check on the internet for more details and information on the appropriate rubber wheels that you need for your particular purpose. There are certain manufacturers with websites that can fully address your specific concerns. You may browse and check on their products and inquire from some trained representatives regarding your needed industrial tires.

By T J Thomas

With the adoption of an economic policy that emphasized self-sufficiency and barred foreign investment capital and banking competition, the role of the Banking Industry in Spain is strengthened. Subsequently, as industry grew stronger, many of the banks' equity holdings were sold to the public through stock exchanges. The banks, however, continued to play a vital role in providing new funds for industry. Banking system in Spain comprises of three main groups, private banks, savings banks, and official credit institutions. Commercial banks, which are larger and more numerous, served the general public; they were the principal source of short-term credit for the private sector, though they also competed for long-term loans. Mergers were undertaken with the government's encouragement in order to create large Spanish financial holdings that could adequately compete with their European rivals.

The second major group in the banking system consisted of savings banks, which predominated in rural areas that could not attract branches of the leading private banks. In terms of deposits, the Barcelona-based Caja de Pensiones para la Vejez y de Ahorros de Cataluna y Baleares, popularly known as La Caixa, was the country's largest savings bank. Another large savings bank was La Caja de Madrid. After the relevant restrictions were lifted, a large-scale merger process commenced among savings banks.

Spanish banking industry consisted of official credit institutions. These are under the control of the Directorate General for State Assets and they were supervised by the Official Credit Institute, which received funds from the state that were then lent to the credit institutions. The largest of these was the Industrial Credit Bank, which specialized in general industrial loans. The Mortgage Bank of Spain provided mortgage loans for urban and rural properties. The Agricultural Credit Bank provided credit for agriculture and related sectors. During the process of financial liberalization required by the EU, the government tried to promote a series of mergers within the banking industry, which it hoped could enable the banks to compete more effectively.

By Jono Craven

The procedure of investment in land that awaits future urban development has been carried out for generations by both big businesses and private investors. For several it has been a gainful venture, resulting in many folks gathering large land portfolios and substantial amounts of wealth. Mainly, this investment has taken place in agricultural plots surrounding towns, villages and cities as these are seen as ripe for development as settlements expand. This type of investment has recently been opened up to the masses with many companies offering chances to unite funds for part ownership of land.

The chances to harvest large financial rewards from land investment are great. In some cases it is not even required to offer a large financial inoculation, part ownership schemes have allowed investors to begin investment in land for as little as fifty pounds, paid on a weekly basis. As a result investors differ from those attempting to build up a retirement nest egg to those struggling to get on the possessions stepladder.

In terms of the rewards some estimates consider that an investment of twelve thousand pounds could lead to a return of more than fifty. This will take about ten years but when compared to other investment opportunities the returns are excessive; obviously however, as with most investments the greater the risk, the higher the profits. As a result, those allowing for buying land should always research a number of companies carefully as an approach without intimate knowledge can be seen as foolish. This appraisal should include an appraisal of a company's credibility and past history in giving investors honest returns.

In the media the land investment business has not received the best of press in recent years. There are still a large number of companies out there that is measured trustworthy; all it takes is a little effort in researching the industry to find them. Once this research has been carried out, the returns from share purchasing can obtained quickly.

Eventually a company that appreciates the privilege of investors to research proposed opportunities is the ideal; in addition, they should also readily supply this information so their clients can make informed choices pertaining to any investments. Part of this information should include reports from local authorities on the transport links, mains supply and chances of planning permission for any plot of land. It is worth remembering however that while the benefits are certainly there, they are never guaranteed; investment is a risk and hence there is always the chance of losing money. As the demand for land for housing continues to grow however, this risk is reducing to some extent, through astute financial investment, profits should become realism.

As well as the profits, many investors are choosing land as a way to avoid certain government legislation. For example, agricultural land and forestry is a great way to get certain tax breaks; one example is that owners of these types of land do not have to pay legacy tax as long as they have been in ownership of this land for more than two years; with certain dodge, this type of investment is also a way to avoid the capital gains tax.

Obviously investment in land is popular with many. Thanks to a selection of companies it has also been opened up to members of the general public making speculating an attractive profit making chance. As government plans to increase towns and speed up residential construction continue with pleasure, investing can be seen as a truly sensible way to make money.

By Gaurav Doshi

Introduction

The textile industry in India is substantial, and largely diversified. It is hard to cover all its aspects even within hour-long presentation, however, research team of Fibre2fashion.com has attempted to gather significant pieces of massively complicated puzzle of this industry.

The Indian textile industry roots thousands of years back. After, the European industry insurrection, Indian textile sector also witnessed considerable development in industrial aspects. Textile industry plays an important role in the terms of revenue generation in Indian economy. The significance of the textile industry is also due to its contribution in the industrial production, employment. Currently, it is the second largest employment provider after agriculture and provides employment to more than 30mn people.

Prospect

Considering the continual capital investments in the textile industry, the Govt. of India may extend the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan (till 2011-2012), in order to support the industry. Indian textile industry is massively investing to meet the targeted output of $85bn by the end of 2010, aiming exports of $50bn. There is huge development foreseen in Indian textile exports from the $17bn attained in 2005-06 to $50bn by 2009-10. The estimation for the exports in the current financial year is about $19bn. There is substantial potential in Indian exports of technical textiles and home-textiles, as most European companies want to set up facilities near-by the emerging markets, such as China and India.

The global demand for apparel and woven textiles is likely to grow by 25 percent by year 2010 to over 35mn tons, and Asia will be responsible for 85 percent output of this growth. The woven products output will also rise in Central and Southern American countries, however, at a reasonable speed. On the other hand, in major developed countries, the output of woven products will remain stable. Weaving process is conducted to make fabrics for a broad range of clothing assortment, including shirts, jeans, sportswear, skirts, dresses, protective clothing etc., and also used in non-apparel uses like technical, automotive, medical etc...

It is been forecasted that the woven textile and apparel markets will sustain their growth from current till 2010. The imports of apparel and textiles will rise from developed economies like the USA and the western countries of Europe and Japan, along with some newly emerged economies, such as South Korea and Taiwan. Certainly, import growth has been witnessed vertical rise in the previous year.

Apparel is the most preferred and important of all the other applications. Woven fabrics are widely used in apparel assortments, including innerwear, outerwear, nightwear and underwear, as well as in specialized apparels like protective clothing and sportswear. Home textile also contributes considerably in woven fabric in products assortments like curtains, furnishing fabrics, carpets, table cloths etc.

Special kind of woven fabrics are utilized in medical as well as industrial applications. The medical applications include adhesives, dressing bandages, plasters etc.

Where as, industrial applications includes;

o Geotextile - interior upholstery, trim, airbags and seat belts and lyre fabrics.

o Sailcloth - tent and fabrics used architectures, transportation and tarpaulins.

And many more applications...
The Indian Industry foresees huge demand for industrial woven products for medical and automotive applications. Demand for woven fabrics is anticipated to be rise vertically in the sector of home textiles.

Non woven sector has great future in terms of global demand, thus major facilities of cotton yarn are currently concentrating just on home textiles. It is mandatory, that the peak management of the cotton yarn manufacturers analyze the future prospect and growing graph of demand for non woven products.

Conclusion

Anticipating massive growth in medical and automobile sectors, these sectors assures substantial demand for non woven facilities in India. Albeit, home textiles also will lure higher demand, there are specific demands for home textile facilities also.

The 7th Five Year Plan has huge consideration on agricultural growth that also includes cotton textile industry, resulting a prosperous future forecast for the textile industry in India. Indian cotton yarn manufacturers should rush forward for joint ventures and integrated plans for establishing processing and weaving facilities in home textiles and technical textiles in order to meet export target of $50bn, and a total textile production of $85bn by 2009-2010.

By Jim Staller

The Industrial Revolution refers to the period in the mid 1700's in which significant advancements were made in the application of our technological knowledge and discoveries. It signaled a transition from an economy based on manual labor in agriculture to an economy dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. The first industrial revolution had a profound impact on modern society. Although there is some debate surrounding the origins of the movement, most agree that it began in Britain with the invention of the steam engine.

The steam engine was powered by the burning of coal, which boiled water, and created pressurized steam. This pressurized steam was used to power industrial machinery, primarily used in the manufacture of textiles. The second industrial revolution merged with the first industrial revolution sometime around 1850, when the benefits of the first phase became fully realized. The second industrial revolution was a direct product of the wealth and technological advancements created by the first phase.

This particular era of the industrial revolution is characterized by the development of steam powered railways and ships. In the early 1900's, the internal combustion engine began to be used en masse. Although the notion of a combustion engine had been imagined for some time, it was not fully realized until 1860 when Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced his famous gas-fired internal combustion engine. This engine type is still by far the most popular type used in the world today.

The automotive industry played a major role in the creation of wealth and the refinement of certain technologies. The assembly line production model was first employed during this period. While more and more people left the farm for the factory, their opportunities for upward social mobility increased. People had more work and more money, and this led to an overall increase in the general wealth of the populace. Naturally, the automotive became a symbol of one's wealth and social standing. These technological advances precipitated some enormous changes in society.

The ideas developed and realized in Western Europe and America, spread throughout the world bringing immense social change. The industrial revolution played a central role in the establishment of modern city centers. This was due mainly to the influx of agricultural workers into the areas in which the factories were being built. The industrial revolution also had a profound impact on the legal system of many nations, as legislation to establish the rights of workers was introduced. Modern life would be very different today were it not for the industrial revolution.

By Gerald Crawford

Livestock is the largest agricultural sector in South Africa, with a population of some 13.8-million cattle and 28.8-million sheep. Stock breeders concentrate on the development of breeds that are well adapted to diverse climatic and environmental conditions.

Dairy farming:

Dairy is produced throughout South Africa, with most farms in the eastern and northern Free State, North West, the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, the Eastern and Western Cape, Gauteng and the southern parts of Mpumalanga. The four major dairy breeds in South Africa are the Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey and Ayrshire.

The dairy industry is important to South Africa's job market, with some 4 300 milk producers employing about 60 000 farmworkers and indirectly providing jobs to 40 000 people. Milk production for 2003/04 was estimated at 2-billion litres.

Beef farming:

South Africa produces 85% of its meat requirements, with 15% is imported from Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Australia, New Zealand and the EU. Local demand generally outstrips production, even though there are untapped reserves in the communal farming areas.

Cattle ranches are found mainly in the Eastern Cape, parts of the Free State and KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and the Northern Cape. Popular beef breeds include the indigenous Afrikaner and Nguni and locally developed Bonsmara and Drakensberger. European and American breeds such as Charolais, Hereford, Angus, Simmentaler, Sussex, Brahman and Santa Gertrudis are maintained as pure breeds or used in cross-breeding.

Sheep and goat farming:

South African sheep farming is concentrated in the Northern and Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Free State and Mpumalanga, with Ermelo in Mpumalanga being one of the largest wool-producing districts. Fifty percent of sheep are fine-woolled Merinos. Other breeds include the locally developed Afrino, a woolled mutton breed adapted to arid conditions, the South African Mutton Merino, the Dohne and the Merino Landrace. South Africa's mutton is produced from the Dorper - a highly productive and locally developed mutton breed for arid regions - and the woolled Merino.

Karakul sheep are farmed in the more arid areas, with some 20 173 pelts with a gross value of R3-million produced in 2002/03. The indigenous meat-producing Boer goat accounts for about 30% of all commercial goats. The Angora goat is used for mohair production.

Poultry and pig farming:

South Africa's poultry and pig farms are more intensive than the extensive sheep and cattle production, and are found near the metropolitan areas of Gauteng, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. The predominant pig breeds are the South African Landrace, the Large White, the Duroc and the Pietrain.

South Africa's annual poultry meat production is 960 000 tons. Broiler production contributes about 82% to total poultry meat production, with the rest made up of mature chicken slaughter (culls), small-scale and backyard poultry production, ducks, geese, turkeys and other specialised white meat products. Income from poultry and egg production amounted to R11.3-billion in 2002/03.

South Africa accounts for 67% of world sales of ostrich products - leather, meat and feathers. The gross value for ostrich feathers and products during 2002/03 was R276.5-million.

Game farming:

South Africa has more game and a wider variety of game species than most countries. Game farming has grown over the years, and today is a viable industry with great economic potential. The country's main game areas are in Limpopo province, North West, Mpumalanga, the Free State, the Eastern Cape, the Karoo, the Kalahari in the Northern Cape and the thorn scrub of KwaZulu-Natal.

A descriptive game-production model has been developed for optimising intensive animal production on game farms, with the potential to increase the global produce of the game industry by between 8% and 15%.

Aquaculture:

The aquaculture industry in South Africa continues to make meaningful progress in cultivation technology, marketing strategy, marketing practice and scientific innovation. Mussels, trout, tilapia, catfish, oysters and waterblommetjies (Cape pondweed) are the major aquaculture species. Mussel farming occurs mainly at Saldanha Bay.

By Andrea Pellarin

For the contemporary mind, city and countryside are often seen as opposite concepts, the first being related to the idea of modernity, as opposed to the idea of nature and primitive life of the latter. This concept established itself over the centuries, especially after the industrial revolution of the 19th century.

Yet, if we go further back in time, 10000 years ago in the area of the Middle East called the Fertile Crescent, where agriculture was born, things take a different perspective.

It is generally agreed that the city, as a centre of civilization could not exist without agriculture. The idea of "civilization" and "city" are strictly connected. They come from the Latin "civitas" and "civilitas" respectively, which, in turn come from "civis," "citizen."

The invention of agriculture had several consequences on humanity. It generated concept that did not exist before, like the one of accumulation of goods and technologies, or the one of human beings as separated from Nature, capable of building their own space. With agriculture, humanity ceased to simply adapt itself to the environment, but started to (sometimes utterly) modify it instead, taking cultivations out of their original areas and introducing them in other environments. Two good examples are rice and wine growing in Asia and Central-Northern Europe respectively: both represented a technological challenge against the environment conditions, which started in the Middle Ages and continued in the Modern Age.

It is in this context that the first agricultural societies, although rooted in the cycles of nature and seasons, elaborated the concept of "civilized man", who "artificially" created a food that otherwise would not exist. This very step marks the difference between man and animals, between Nature and Culture. Again, it is interesting to note the interrelation between ideas. "Culture," often used as synonym of civilization, also comes from Latin "colere", to cultivate.

What we call "culture" indeed is a concept between tradition and innovation. It is tradition in so far it is a set of knowledge, techniques and values which are handed down to us, and it is innovation in so far these knowledge, techniques and values modify the role of human beings in the environment, enabling them to create new realities. Tradition is a successful innovation, and culture is the interface between these two perspectives.

By Ali Withers

2010 has been designated the UN's International Year of Biodiversity - a celebration of life on earth and of the value of biodiversity for our lives.

In the context of climate change and the pressure on the planet's resources it's an important moment for us all, nowhere more than in the issues of food scarcity and security and the challenge to produce more to feed the world's growing population.

We want as consumers to be sure that the food we're buying is safe and healthy for our families. More and more we are changing our shopping habits to take account of issues like our carbon footprints and fair trade.

One difficulty for consumers is finding sources of genuinely objective information about how our food is produced, farming methods and the new bio-technologies that are argued to be essential to increasing food production and pest control in a sustainable way.

Because most human activities, including food production and supply, are businesses driven by the need to make a profit, it's not surprising that there should be a degree of competition and therefore confidentiality about the details of the new low-chem agricultural products companies are developing and a degree of promotion to sell them.

The research and development of such products is, after all, expensive when you add up the cost of several trials and the long process of getting them registered for use in more than one country, each with its own regulatory process.

We are bound to be told they are safer, better and more environmentally friendly but how can we be sure this is the truth? What sources of objective information are there?

There's a valuable, not for profit, scientific and research organisation with headquarters in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, which is dedicated to information sharing.

The mission statement on its website describes it a science-based development and information organization, improving people's lives by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solving problems in agriculture and the environment.

It's perhaps not as high profile as some of the big environmental campaigning or agrochemical research organisations but it's actually celebrating its 100th anniversary this year.

It's called CABI, (the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International) and it focuses on improving food security, protecting biodiversity, helping farmers and providing information. There are CABI centres in China, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK and the USA and projects in more than 70 countries on the basis that farmers in the developed world face the same problems as subsistence and smallholder farmers in developing countries - pests and diseases, access to markets, access to quality seeds, credit, the best way to process produce.

It aims to help farmers grow more and lose less by improving crop yields, safeguarding the environment and improving access to agricultural and environmental scientific knowledge.

This includes helping them improve their crops by introducing natural or 'bio' pesticides and sustainable techniques such as integrated pest management as well as advising on trade and quarantine issues.

It has expertise in agriculture, animal and veterinary sciences, environmental sciences, human health, food and nutrition, leisure and tourism, microbiology and parasitology, and plant sciences.

CABI also manages one of the world's largest genetic resource collections, the UK's National Collection of Fungus Cultures, conducts microbiological identifications, provides cultures for sale, and offers preservation and consultancy services.

It offers a range of microbial services to businesses, academic institutions, agriculture and government departments worldwide. Customers come from industries including food and drink, medicine, research and environmental conservation.

Perhaps CABI's range of activities indicates that there is at least one place where consumers can get objective information on the production of the foods the only get to see when they're one the store shelves.

By Alex Newman

Food scientists are responsible for maintaining the integrity of the American food supply, and they will study farm crops and animals in order to improve their quality and yields. These agricultural scientists will also discover ways to conserve soil and other nutrients and how to convert raw agricultural materials into healthy food products for the American people.

In the past 20 years, agricultural science has been booming field as an increased desire to develop biofuels such as ethanol have required the services of food scientists. Environmental remediation, which involves the reclamation of damaged land as a result of mining or other pollution, is another area of expansion.

Nanotechnology is also revolutionizing the field of ag science, as manufacturing technology attempts to improve food yields and to control pests. Most individuals will work in research and development, and developing new foodstuffs and agricultural chemicals.

Food scientists will predominately work in processing industries, finding better ways to package and store food for consumer consumption. They will also analyze the nutritional contents of various foods in order to try to increase the nutritional value of certain consumable products.

Plant scientists are responsible for finding new uses for fiber crops, and they will try to improve the nutritional yield and quality of crops in seed. Soil scientists are responsible for analyzing the composition of soils and improving their quality, in addition to protecting topsoil from erosion and environmental damage.

These professionals will typically work outdoors 40 hours a week investigating new production techniques, and the government hires a number of these individuals in order to improve the quality of the nation's food and farmland. Agricultural scientist training will usually require a master's degree in order to work in research fields, however, some animal scientists require no more than an associate's degree.

In 2006, these professionals had about 33,000 jobs in America, with about 15% working for Federal and state governments. Another 15% of these individuals are self-employed. working as consultants for food production companies. Future job prospects for agricultural scientists should be bright, and growth is expected at 9% over the next 10 years.

In 2006, the middle 50th percentile of employees earned between $37,740 and $76,960. The National Association of Colleges and Employers found that offers for entry level food scientists came to $37,908 a year.

By Tino Toskala

As a farmer you are like a small business professional. You need to sell your agricultural products - crops, soil, livestock, cattle, cows, pigs, dairy, farm machinery and equipment. You need agriculture leads so that you can sell and make a living.

The good news is that it is quite easy to generate agriculture leads via the internet. The number of farms that have their own website is still relatively quite low. If you create a website for your farm you would be a technological leader in the industry. You could get the majority of web searchers that are looking for your products.

Not only could you receive organic search visitors to your site but to receive more sales leads, you could advertise in the sponsored results of search engines. The way it works is that you purchase whatever keywords you want (for example, beef, pork, wheat, cattle, crops, soil, farm equipment, farm machinery) and whenever someone searches those keywords and clicks on your link they are taken to your website and you receive the agriculture leads.

You can hire a website designer to create a professional looking website these days for under $100. To purchase ads on internet search engines is so easy that you can do it yourself (DIY). All the main search engines allow you to purchase ads, including Google, Yahoo, MSN, and Ask.com. And, it is so inexpensive that it would cost you a mere pennies each time someone clicks on your ad.

The internet is a great source for sales leads, even agriculture leads.